Theories of communication Essay Example for Free

Theories of communication Essay Theories of communication Argyles theory of communication is a cycle of six concepts, which repeats its self through every conversation, emailing, phone call, and text, through all the ways we communicate. The 6 following steps are: An idea occurs-A thought goes through your head. Example: A midwife thinking to tell a student midwife to go and do the observations on the patient that has just come in Message coded- turning your thoughts and feelings in to communication thinking about Your body posture, tone of voice, body language, gestures, pictures, writing and posture. Example- the midwife now needs to think how to say to the student midwife she needs to do the observations and how she is going to come across, like her tone of voice, her facial expressions, body language , does she need to write it and her posture. Message sent- have communicated what you want to say. Example- The midwife has now told the student midwife to go and do observations on the lady that has come in, the way she wanted to come across. Message received- is when the person or audience has received what the sender had tried to communicate. Example- The student midwife has received what the midwife has communicated. Message decoded- now they have to take what has been said and try to decode it so they understand what they have communicated. Example- the student midwife is now trying to understand and decode what the midwife has said about doing observations on the patient that has just come in. Message understood- the audience or the person targeted at has understood what has been communicated. Example- the student midwife has understood that she needs to go and do the observations on the patient that has just come in. This works with a response as well for example: Idea occurs- thinking of a response- example: the student midwife is thinking of a response to say to the midwife. Message coded- thinking how you are going to communicate your response- Example-student midwife thinks how she is going to communicate her response. Message sent- you have communicated your response- Example- The student midwife has communicated what she wants to say to the midwife. Message received- the response has been received- example- The midwife has received the student midwife’s response Message decoded- take the response and try to understand it, attempt to decode it-  Example – the midwife now needs to decode what the student midwife has said so she can understand it. Message understood- they have understood the response- Example- the midwife has understood the student midwife will go and do the observations on the patient that has just come in. Bruce Tuckman’s 1965. Forming, storming, norming and performing- team development model Bruce Tuckman’s theory was a helpful explanation of team development and behaviour. He believed that there was stages when a team come together and they was the forming, storming, norming, and performing there is also adjourning and transforming also known as the mourning stage These stages worked like this: The first stage is forming and this was the team being assembled, at the beginning each individual tend to behave independently, until they start shaping in to a team. The team is coming together and trying to figure out why they are there or what they have to do. They spend time collecting information and bonding. The second stage is the storming stage, in this stage the team are aware of the task and begin to suggest different ideas and what they are going to do and how it works. This is just the stage of ideas and talking about the task. This is also when a team leader may be formed to lead the group. Time is spent addressing the task working out what they have to do and then brainstorming all their ideas for the task. The third stage is the norming stage, this is where the team finish the storming stage and move towards working on the task after putting all their ideas together and agreeing on what they are going to do and work out an effective plan, allowing the contribution of each member. At this point team leader can also take a step back as each individual team member takes more responsibility. In this stage time is used putting ideas together and agreeing and moving towards working on the task. The fourth stage is the performing, performing their ideas to complete the task given and have a final piece, this is the bit where they actually do it and try to complete it. The time is spent completing the task, working together. The last stage is the adjourning and transforming also known as mourning. This is the final stage; this is the breakup of the team, where the team leave as they have completed the task given. Example of Bruce Tuckman’s theory: classroom of year ones on their 1st day. The year ones have been put into a group, this  is where they meet and talk for the first time, this would be the forming stage, as the group is being formed and shaped. The teacher then gave them a task. Each child had to give an idea to help to complete the task, this is the storming stage as different ideas where put together to help complete the task. The year ones then had to decide all together what ideas they liked and agree on which one they was going to use for the task, this is the norming stage where they all decide and agree and start to work on the task, also having to agree on the rules which is given for the task. The fifth stage is the performing stage where they all perform the task given and the decisions are collaborative for the final piece. The final stage is the adjourning and transforming stage where the children go home after completing their task and the group is broken up as the task is now finished.

Technology and tourism

Technology and tourism Introduction Facebook is not a book with your face on it, Tweeting is not the sound of a bird in the early hours of the day, blogging is not something which is related to loggers in a forest; but who would have said that these terms would have actually revolutionised the world that we live in? Social media has had an imperative influence upon the social structure of most individuals. Even though many might utilise such web based tools for personal amusement, the vast marketing opportunities offered by these systems has been increasingly recognised in various industries, amongst which one finds the tourism industry. Technology and Tourism Growth within the travel and tourism industry is driven by a multitude of factors. These factors are determinants towards the practice of tourism and are categorised as four distinct but yet interrelated environments. These environments are the competitive environment, socio-cultural environment, political environment and technological environment. One can say that the tourism and travel industry has been one of the most successful in utilizing the Internet to market its products. Reaching out to possible consumers through the use of the internet has significantly changed the purchase of tourism services and products and changes in technology have created new opportunities for leisure and tourism organizations. Nowadays it is not simply about having an updated website with information on it, but we have moved on to another level whereby tourism destinations, organisations and companies utilise social networks and e-tourism to promote, advertise, showcase and most of all keep consumers abreast of any updated information in seconds. Whilst offering the possibility to provide new products and re-enforce markets, the use of technology has also led to substantial cost reductions when marketing a product or service. As a result of improved technological systems, one is to consider the benefits various components in the tourism supply chain have achieved: Central reservation systems in hotels; accounting programs and yield management services allowing accommodation providers to compare actual demand with predicted demand; Online transportation booking systems are some examples of these advancements made possible through the creation of online software and programmes. But a current issue which will be addressed in this assignment is the use of social media and networking within the tourism industry. Over the past four years the University of Wollongong in Australia has conducted a series of research studies on the subject of travellers and the internet. Featured on their Facebook webpage, an interview with associate Professor Ulrike Gretzel, from The Institute for Innovation in Business and Social Research (IIBSoR) at the Faculty of Commerce, discusses how social media has influenced travel decisions and the marketing perspectives of destinations. â€Å"Our studies find that a majority of travellers think that social media contents are more up-to-date, more fun to read, more interesting, more relevant, more comprehensive, more specific and more helpful in making decisions than information provided by tourism marketers† Featured as one of the sections in the ITB World Travel Trends Report 2010/2011, Social Media is signalled as one of the current travel and tourism trends. Earlier in 2009, Ms. Isabel Bommer, amongst other key note speakers at ITB Berlin had addressed the topic of ‘Market and technology trends in digital travel sales and explained how: â€Å"in the main travel markets, the Internet is a targeted way of becoming the most important channel for holiday sales, information and recommendations† And further describes that nowadays, two out of five reservations are completed online and more than half of all European travellers (55 %) uses the Internet for information about their travel destination, travel providers and special offers†. The development of Web 2.0 has facilitated communication, sharing of information and enhanced collaboration over the World Wide Web. This phenomenon engages participation from viewers and internet users on a free cost basis and thus there are no restrictions as to who can use these channels, when and how. In the article titled ‘The Challenge of Social Networking for Associations by Peter Jackson and Michael Collins, what is referred to as the ‘Digital/Online evolution is described as having taken place in defined stages over the last decade. First ‘the need for a website and ‘email communication was embraced, second was to ‘offer online services such as e-commerce and booking online, third the surfacing of Web 2.0, and now the Social Networking phenomenon. This change has allowed business and objectives to be measurable. This in turn has aided towards analysing, learning and executing demand strategies within the work field. During this years ITB fair ,Rohit Talwar, CEO for Fast Future Research, described in his presentation titled ‘The Future of the Travel Industry-Scenarios for 2020 that there will be an evolution towards â€Å"deliver(ing) personalised service choices through immersive, tactile and Multi-dimensional technology interfaces†. Thus technology will continue to play an important role within the tourism field and a new platform for destination or tourism marketing and branding is being built through the development of social media and enhanced social networking. Defining Social Networking and identifying the technological mediums through which Tourism providers and their products are showcased â€Å"Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighbourhood subdivision, if you will† I consider this particular definition as being relevant to the tourism industry due to its reference to the word ‘communities. Tourism is, in itself, a practice which involves individuals. Whether you are a tourism provider or consumer, the human resource is at the basis of this industry and community relationships are created and nurtured through its practice. Through social networking, one is given the opportunity to participate in gaining information, whilst being entertained. If we are to consider the various programs or channels through which social networking takes place, the following medium have gained recognised importance for potential tourists as well as tourism providers around the globe. Review Sites are an example of a user garneted content (UGC), more commonly referred to as a Consumer Generated Content. Consumers are given the opportunity to share their brand experiences and in so doing assist others into making more informed decisions and recommendations. An example related to the tourism industry is TripAdvisor, an online review site which features advice on hotels, flights, travel guides amongst other things. Individuals submitting reviews can upload their images of their vacation, write personal opinions about a hotel, restaurant or establishment visited, whilst portraying their views. Even though one can argue that there is no ‘filtering of reviews submitted, and that certain reviews might be more to the detriment of the provider rather than to their gain. For over ten years, TripAdvisor has earned the reputation of being an invaluable resource for travellers; enabling online users to rate and review travel related experiences and assist prospective tra vellers to make informed decisions. High rankings also result in an achievement for the particular provider and certificates such as the ‘Tripadvisor Certificate of Excellence which was given to the Grand Hotel Excelsior in 2010 make viewers acknowledge that the hotel is trustworthy when it comes to customer expectations. Another hotel which has been awarded the prestigious 4.5 stars out of five for excellence by this same review site is the Hilton Malta. These achievements are newsworthy as hotels, such as both the Hilton Malta and the Grand Hotel Excelsior help raise Maltas international reputation as a tourist destination in the world wide scenario. Blogs are a vehicle for marketing and advertising an event or ‘happening. Through the exposure of information, customers are allowed to interact by providing their comments and suggestions. In the tourism industry, blogs can be utilised to inform viewers about successful accomplishments. A case we could use for this particular example is the blog of the Excelsior Grand Hotel utilised to inform viewers about their award from Trip Advisor, whilst thanking their customers for their loyalty and belief in them. Informing customers and potential customers about new events, promotional activities, special offers ,amongst other things, can lead to repeat business and also new business alike .The possibility of uploading images and videos, as in the case of review sites allows the destination or tourism product to become more visual and thus appealing. In an article titled ‘The Social Revolution, journalist Sarah Lee explores how the growth in the social networking arena is leading to an online marketing revolution diversifying the channels and methods through which marketing takes place. Lee lists social networking sites such as ‘Facebook, Myspace, Bebo, LinkedIn, Plaxo, YouTube, Twitter, WAYN, and Flickr.as being the most popular types of Web 2.0 websites falling under the ‘Social Networking framework. She also shares the views of various hoteliers and industry advisors on this topic and quotes one of the directors of Turner PR, Ms. Angela Berardino as stating that â€Å"In travel, social networking evens the playing field so small hotels can compete with bigger brands. Small hotels can perform better on social networks as they tend to have more personality and are unrestricted by the confines of the corporate marketing strategies of larger brands.† The article goes on to explain how hotels should view their reviews and what is being said about them over these sites. It is now no longer possible to base customer ratings upon hotel room questionnaires since most visitors resort to social networking sites to post their photos, share experiences (whether good or bad) and showcase what their holiday was all about. So hotels, as mentioned in the article, can improve their operations and develop a better knowledge and understanding of their services and products through these reviews. Understanding the importance of Social Media in the tourism field So far, we have identified and listed the various channels through which social media takes place. As associations, organisations, and destinations recognise the importance of keeping abreast with this new opportunity within the marketing field of tourism, it is important to outline the constraints of such medium alike. Social media is ultimately about a service; a service which incorporates information, contact and transactions, entertainment and the creation of relationships. This idea was outlined during a workshop held in February 2010 by the MICE segment within the Malta Tourism Authority. Ms. Karin Elgin-Nijhuis, from TEAM Tourism Consulting, headed a two day workshop programme which was aimed at informing the hoteliers about the subject of Social Media. The over ruling challenge described by Elgin-Nijhuis is that peoples travel decisions are not only structured by a destinations brand image, but also by the recommendations which are spread through word of mouth or ‘mouse. Opportunities will arise as more potential travellers will learn about ones product. So whilst we are seeing a shift in the ‘traditional sales and marketing methods, online e-tourism is offering travellers a primary source of information. Demand patterns are changing as knowledge of destinations and tourism and travel options are increasing and being showcased. Thus destinations and tourism providers have to adapt and develop new skills towards using technology to their benefit. To conclude, it is important that we acknowledge that marketing tourism or a destination brand is not solely about positioning, but rather a practice that requires specialisation, efficiency and effectiveness in order to improve the possibilities within the tourism field which are now limit-less.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown †A Psychological Short Story Essay exa

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† – a Psychological Story      Ã‚  Ã‚   Let us discuss the psychological aspect of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s writing as evidenced in his tale â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.†    Peter Conn in â€Å"Finding a Voice in an New Nation† explains Hawthorne’s mix of psychology and theology. His chosen terrain lay between the realms of theology and psychology, and allegory provided the means of his explorations. . . . Concerned with individuals as specimens or types, he endowed his characters with solemnly stylized features and then studied their anxiety, or doubt, or guilt. He placed them amid settings and objects that gave symbolic expression to their inward states (83-84).    Henry Seidel Canby in â€Å"A Skeptic Incompatible with His Time and His Past† talks about the value of Hawthorne’s â€Å"literary psychology†:    This irreverent generation [of the 1950’s] has mocked at Hawthorne’s struggling souls who torture themselves over peccadilloes like adultery and are morally wrecked by obsessions that (so it is assumed) any good psychoanalyst could remove. . . . an observer of both epochs might add that the value of his literary psychology lies not in the deeds analyzed but in the picture of a struggle between right and wrong where the state of mind of the characters in conflict is immensely significant without regard to the rightness of what they think right or the wrongness of what they think wrong (62).    There is probably unanimity among literary critics that Hawthorne is a â€Å"psychological† writer. Consider some of their statements chosen at random from various critiques of Hawthorne; Stanley T. Williams in â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind† says:    What he wrote of New England was . . . .the subconscious mind... .... â€Å"Hawthorne as Poet.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Lewis, R. W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.    Williams, Stanley T. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.         

The Ubiquitous Tomato :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Ubiquitous Tomato Each year, millions of Americans, anxious after the confinement of winter, are excited when spring begins. Home improvement stores and nurseries entice gardeners with announcements of special sales on items for the home garden. People converge on the nurseries in throngs, looking for the best plants to purchase. Much of the frenzy focuses on plants that yield edible products; one favorite American pastime is backyard gardening. Many backyard gardeners say that they don't have sufficient yard space to grow fruits and vegetables, and restrict their hobby to vegetable gardening. The backyard gardener may have more growing space than he/she thinks. If you eat ketchup with your hash brown or French fried potatoes, you know that ketchup is produced from tomatoes. You may enjoy a marinara sauce with pasta, and you know that the sauce contains tomatoes and tomato products. How about the sauce on the last pizza you ordered? The sauce is derived from tomatoes. The three items described are products of tomato plants, possibly the most common vegetable grown in home gardens. Perhaps you enjoy some of the many flavors of jams and jellies with your toast. Have you tried the tomato jam? I enjoy fruit with yogurt, but I have not been able to find yogurt with tomatoes. If I tell you that the tomato is a fruit, does it sound odd to suggest a slice of cheesecake covered with a sugary tomato glaze? You may think, "The tomato is a vegetable, not a fruit!" I reply, "Let's check the dictionary for a definition. We should be able to clear this confusion easily." The dictionary describes fruit as: "(1) a product of plant growth, (2) a succulent plant part used chiefly in a dessert or sweet course." The dictionary describes vegetable as: "... a herbaceous plant (as the cabbage, bean, or potato) grown for an edible part (e.g. stems, leaves, or roots) that is usually eaten as part of a meal." After we compare the definitions in the dictionary, our search for a solution to our dilemma has become more puzzling. A tomato is a "product of plant growth," but we don't think of the tomato as a "dessert." The definition for a vegetable appears to describe the tomato better than the definition for a fruit. Is this enough information to draw a conclusion? If tomatoes were fruit, we might find chocolate covered tomatoes in the candy store! Let's bring this issue to closure quickly and look for the definition of tomato in the dictionary. The Ubiquitous Tomato :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers The Ubiquitous Tomato Each year, millions of Americans, anxious after the confinement of winter, are excited when spring begins. Home improvement stores and nurseries entice gardeners with announcements of special sales on items for the home garden. People converge on the nurseries in throngs, looking for the best plants to purchase. Much of the frenzy focuses on plants that yield edible products; one favorite American pastime is backyard gardening. Many backyard gardeners say that they don't have sufficient yard space to grow fruits and vegetables, and restrict their hobby to vegetable gardening. The backyard gardener may have more growing space than he/she thinks. If you eat ketchup with your hash brown or French fried potatoes, you know that ketchup is produced from tomatoes. You may enjoy a marinara sauce with pasta, and you know that the sauce contains tomatoes and tomato products. How about the sauce on the last pizza you ordered? The sauce is derived from tomatoes. The three items described are products of tomato plants, possibly the most common vegetable grown in home gardens. Perhaps you enjoy some of the many flavors of jams and jellies with your toast. Have you tried the tomato jam? I enjoy fruit with yogurt, but I have not been able to find yogurt with tomatoes. If I tell you that the tomato is a fruit, does it sound odd to suggest a slice of cheesecake covered with a sugary tomato glaze? You may think, "The tomato is a vegetable, not a fruit!" I reply, "Let's check the dictionary for a definition. We should be able to clear this confusion easily." The dictionary describes fruit as: "(1) a product of plant growth, (2) a succulent plant part used chiefly in a dessert or sweet course." The dictionary describes vegetable as: "... a herbaceous plant (as the cabbage, bean, or potato) grown for an edible part (e.g. stems, leaves, or roots) that is usually eaten as part of a meal." After we compare the definitions in the dictionary, our search for a solution to our dilemma has become more puzzling. A tomato is a "product of plant growth," but we don't think of the tomato as a "dessert." The definition for a vegetable appears to describe the tomato better than the definition for a fruit. Is this enough information to draw a conclusion? If tomatoes were fruit, we might find chocolate covered tomatoes in the candy store! Let's bring this issue to closure quickly and look for the definition of tomato in the dictionary.

The continuity of life and the natural environment

Chapter 1IntroductionWater can be considered as one of the basic elements back uping the continuity of life and the natural environment, an indispensable constituent in industry, a consumer point for homo and besides animate beings and a vector for domestic and industrial pollution. Assorted model that includes Acts of the Apostless, Torahs and guidelines for the control of aquatic substances, the quality of bathing, surface and imbibing Waterss and wastewater control had been established since the consciousness on H2O pollution became a sensitive issue. Malaysia is a underdeveloped state that moves towards the vision 2020. Unfortunately the development that had been carried throughout the state besides contributes bad impact to the environment particularly H2O quality. Water is a critical for all facets of human and ecosystem endurance and wellness. Therefore, its quality is besides of import. Water quality refers to the composing of a H2O sample. The reading of informations may be hard and drawn-out and ratings of H2O quality parametric quantities are necessary to heighten the public presentation of an assessment operation and develop better H2O resources direction and program. Water quality patterning involves the anticipation of H2O pollution utilizing mathematical simulation techniques. In fact, classical process-based modeling attack could supply comparatively good anticipation for H2O quality parametric quantities ; nevertheless, those theoretical accounts rely on a big set of informations and needed batch of input information s that is frequently unknown. A river is defined as any natural watercourse of H2O that flows in a channel with defined Bankss ( Encyclopedia Britannica ) . The beginning of a river may be a lake, a spring, or a aggregation of little watercourses, known as headwaters. From their beginning, all rivers flow downhill, typically ending in the sea/ocean as sketched in. In some instances a river flows into the land or dries up wholly before making another organic structure of H2O. A river is a constituent of the H2O rhythm. A river ‘s H2O is usually confined to a channel, made up of a creek bed between Bankss. Most rainfall on land base on ballss through a river on its manner to the ocean. Smaller side streams that articulation a river are feeders. Normally larger watercourses are called rivers while smaller watercourses are called brooks, Brookss, rills, rivulets, and many other footings, but there is no general regulation that defines what can be called a river. Harmonizing to JPS Malaysia ( 2009 ) , besides su ngai, there are besides many other footings mentioning to river ; including alor ( Kelantan ) , carok ( Kedah ) , parit ( Johor ) , batang ( Sarawak ) and terusan. In Malaysia, the H2O within a river by and large originates from precipitation through surface overflow, groundwater recharge and release of stored H2O in natural or semisynthetic reservoirs, such as wetlands, pools or lakes. A river conveys H2O by invariably fluxing perpendicular to the lift contours, thereby bring forthing kinetic energy from its possible energy. Where a river flows over comparatively level countries, the river will flux indiscriminately, get down to organize cringles and flow through the field by gnawing the riversides. Sometimes the river will cut off a cringle, shortening the channel and organizing a horseshoe lake from the cut off subdivision. Rivers that carry big sums of deposit develop deltas at their oral cavities. Saline waters that semen from the ocean will organize a new estuary. In this research, Principle Component Score were implemented to better river H2O quality anticipation theoretical account that uses Artificial Neural Network as a nucleus analytical method. Principle Component Analysis ( PCA ) is recommended as an explorative tool to bring out unknown tendencies in the informations. When applied on conditions, PCA will research correlativities between samples or conditions. Note that because the end of PCA is to & A ; lsquo ; sum up ‘ the informations, it is non considered a constellating tool. PCA does non try to group informations by user-specified standards as does the constellating methods. Harmonizing to Shlens ( 2009 ) , PCA is a standard tool in modern informations analysis – in diverse Fieldss from neuroscience to computing machine artworks – because it is simple, non-parametric method for pull outing relevant information from confounding informations sets. With minimum attempt PCA provides a roadmap for how to cut down a complex information set to a lower dimension to uncover the sometimes concealed, simplified constructions that frequently underlie it. In H2O quality mold, one attack to the quandary of limited resources and limited cognition is to construct prognostic theoretical accounts that characterize as much of this cognition, or mechanism, as possible and so depend to a great extent on these theoretical accounts for determination. Unfortunately, experience indicates that this scheme consequences in theoretical accounts with high prognosis errors or uncertainness. An alternate scheme is to construct every bit simple as a theoretical account that do non number in either resources or scientific apprehension. Unfortunately for this type of theoretical account, another job arises which is job of reference is non straight identified or tackled. New attack such as Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) techniques has proven their ability and pertinence for imitating and patterning assorted physical phenomena in the H2O technology field. In extra, Artificial Neural Network ( ANN ) captures the embedded spatial and unsteady behaviour in the investigated job utilizing its architecture and nonlinearity nature compared with the other classical modeling techniques. Recently, applications of ANNs in the countries of H2O technology, ecological and environmental scientific disciplines have been used intensively for anticipation and prediction in a figure of water-related countries, including H2O resource survey ( Liong et al. , 1999 ; 2001 ; Muttil and Chau, 2006 ; El-Shafie et al. , 2008 ) , environmental scientific discipline ( Grubert, 2003 ) and ( Hafizan et al. , 2004 ; 2006 ; 2008 ; 2009 ) . Artificial nervous webs are made up of complecting unreal nerve cells ( programming concepts that mimic the belongingss of biological nerve cells ) . Artificial nervous webs may either be used to derive an apprehension of biological nervous webs, or for work outing unreal intelligence jobs without needfully making a theoretical account of a existent biological system. The existent, biological nervous system is extremely complex and includes some characteristics that may look otiose based on an apprehension of unreal webs. The premiss in support of the usage and development of mechanistic H2O quality simulation theoretical accounts is that the most accurate and flexible prognosiss result from a theoretical account that right describes elaborate procedures. These theoretical accounts are accurate ( it is believed ) because the theoretical accounts are assumed to right qualify procedures, and they are flexible because detail-rich prognosiss can ever be aggregated over space/time ( but non frailty versa ) if necessary. The demand to calculate implies that extrapolation beyond the bounds of observation may be necessary, and this is believed to be dependable merely if mechanisms are right characterized. Mechanistic advection-diffusion-reaction ( transport-fate- effects ) theoretical accounts are typically big in order to imitate procedures. Despite this, they are still rather simple in the description of complex chemical and biological procedures, comparative to the existent universe. For illustration, in these theoretical accounts, virtually all chemical reactions are assumed to be first order, and one or at most a few species of beings are modeled at each degree of the nutrient concatenation. Small-scale temporal and spacial declaration gives the semblance of significant cognition. In fact, it is non complexness in theoretical account description that leads to prediction truth ; instead, it is the underlying scientific cognition and experimental grounds that provide the footing for accurate anticipation. Unfortunately, current pattern suggests that cognition and observation may back up accurate anticipation at merely a really gross degree of item. For illustration, the anticipation from a simple theoretical account for one-year mean entire N concentration in a H2O organic structure may hold less information but besides may hold less prognostic uncertainness than that for a big theoretical account of day-to-day concentrations of organic and inorganic signifiers of N. Simply stated, when less item is required in a prognostic theoretical account, the end point prognosis is likely to be less unsure.1.1 Significance of surveyThe result of this research would be that beginning allotment of river H2O quality by implementing integrating of APCS-ANN will be more effectu al instead than utilizing APCS and ANN individually.1.2 ObjectiveTo place the most important H2O quality parametric quantity that affects the surface H2O quality of Kedah River.To implement integrating of APCS-ANN in analysing secondary informations of Kedah River H2O quality.To place the most important activities that affects the H2O quality parametric quantities and apportions or classifies beginnings harmonizing to their part per centum.Chapter 2Literature ReviewIn an ideal universe, determination shapers would hold entree to hone anticipations of the impacts of their actions at any spacial or temporal graduated table and any degree of substantial item. In the existent universe, scientific anticipations are unsure, and resources are limited. In an ideal universe, determination shapers would hold clip and disposition to get perfect cognition of results. In the existent universe, determinations are made with limited clip for understanding. In H2O quality mold, one attack to the quandary of limited resources and limited cognition is to construct prognostic theoretical accounts that characterize as much of this cognition, or mechanism, as possible and so depend to a great extent on these theoretical accounts for determination. Unfortunately, experience indicates that this scheme consequences in theoretical accounts with forecast uncertainness. An alternate scheme is to construct simple theoretical accounts that do non revenue enhancement either resources or specific scientific apprehension. Unfortunately, these theoretical accounts may non straight address the job of concern. This quandary provides the principle for the principle for the survey presented in this survey, which is an scrutiny of the utility of APCS-ANN coaction for beginning allotment. An of import challenge for scientists is to develop analytical tools that could be used to understand the interaction and behaviour of factors involved in a multidimensional procedure such as primary production, and to supply the necessary tools for monitoring and direction of resources. Modeling is regarded as an of import analytical tool for biological and ecological surveies ( Cacho, 1997 ; Tufford and McKeller, 1999 ) . One of the attacks which receives turning involvement and is going popular in ecological and environmental mold is the constituent analysis, e.g. PCA ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Ferreira et al. , 1999 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Perkins and Underwood, 1999 ; Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 ; Flink et al. , 2001 ; Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Elliott et al. , ( 2000 ) , the demand for feasible theoretical accounts of lake and reservoirs ecosystems has grown systematically, chiefly due to economic involvement s of H2O industry in direction and limnologists scientific wonders. Models are considered to be indispensable tools in surveies of big reservoirs due to reservoir complexness in footings of morphometry, hydrology, ecology and internal and external forcing maps ( Tufford and McKeller, 1999 ) . One of the attacks which receives turning involvement and is going popular in ecological and environmental mold is the constituent analysis, e.g. ( PCA ) ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Ferreira et al. , 1999 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Perkins and Underwood, 1999 ; Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 ; Flink et al. , 2001 ; Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . Main concern of the constituent analysis is to understand manner of action or behaviour of constituents of a system and its subsystems ( Cacho, 1997 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Petersen et al. , 2001 ; Wannaz et al. , 2003 ) . Main concern of the constituent analysis is to understand manner of action or behaviour of constituents of a system and its subsystems ( Cacho, 1997 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Petersen et al. , 2001 ; Wannaz et al. , 2003 ) . PCA, which is widely used in aquatic environmental and ecological mold surveies, offers an nonsubjective method for managing big set of biotic and abiotic informations and an assistance in cut downing the complexness of multidimensional system by maximization of constituent lading discrepancy and riddance of invalid constituents ( Petersen et al. , 2001 ; Bengraine and Marhaba, 2003 ; Loska and Wiechula, 2003 ) . PCA farther enables one to pull out explainable information to explicate physicochemical parametric quantities of a system ( Barbieri et al. , 1999 ) by explicating the variance-covariance construction of the original variables. In recent old ages, PCA has been employed either entirely or in combination w ith other methods to pattern biological and ecological procedures ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 ; Winkels et al. , 1998 ; Martinez et al. , 1998 ; Ferreira et al. , 1999 ; Barbieri et al. , 1999 ; Perkins and Underwood, 1999 ; Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 ; Flink et al. , 2001 ; Ansari et al. , 2003 ; Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . Multivariate analysis techniques & A ; mdash ; PCA, bunch analysis, multiple arrested development analysis & A ; mdash ; allow reading of big and complex informations matrices for better apprehension of H2O quality and ecological position of the environment. Several multivariate theoretical accounts are used for beginning allotment surveies, as they pinpoint the possible factors or beginnings that influence the H2O quality ( Morales et al. , 1999 ; Wunderlin et al. , 2001 ; Petersen et al. , 2001 ; Raghunath et al. , 2002 ) . Pollution governments use theoretical accounts to develop optimum control schemes for environmental pollutants ( Olmez et al. , 1994 ) . Receptor theoretical accounts infer parts from different beginning types utilizing multivariate measurings taken at one or more receptor locations ( Olmez et al. , 1994 ; Watson et al. , 2002 ) . PCA and absolute chief constituent tonss ( APCS ) are the parts of multivariate theoretical account ( Watson et al. , 2002 ) . The ai m of this probe was to quantify the parts of the beginnings impacting the H2O quality of Kedah River. Therefore, big informations collected over assorted seasons was subjected to multivariate analysis. Multivariate statistical theoretical accounts, as auxiliary methods to dearly-won field studies, have been successfully used to place anthropogenetic pollution and beginning profiles in surface H2O, dirts and deposits ( Shine et al. , 1995 ; Facchinelli et al. , 2001 ; Simeonov et al. , 2003 ; Astel et al. , 2006 ; Han et al. , 2006 ; Wang and Qin 2006 ; Zhou et al. , 2006 ) . For illustration, PCA allows the transmutation and visual image of complicated datasets into meaningful variables without losing utile informations ( Pere & A ; ague ; -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) . However, multivariate analyses are sensitive to outliers and the non-normal distributions of geochemical datasets ; therefore, it is indispensable to analyze the chance distributions of all variables and execute appropriate informations transmutations ( Johnson and Wichern 2002 ) . Yet few surveies have considered these of import factors ( Pere & A ; ague ; -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) . In add-on, receptor modeling of assort ed possible pollution beginnings has been widely used in legion beginning apportionment surveies of air pollutants ( Watson et al. , 2002 ; Hopke 2003 ; Song et al. , 2006 ) . As eigenvector theoretical account, multivariate additive arrested development of absolute chief constituent tonss ( MLR-APCS ) has been applied to the allotment of H2O pollution beginnings ( Simeonov et al. , 2003 ; Pekey et Al. 2004 ) , showing the dependability of using receptor theoretical accounts to the aquatic environment. The PCA theoretical account was expressed as follows ( Johnson and Wichern 2002 ) : Zji = & A ; sum ; wjk pki where I = 1, †¦ , n samples ; J = 1, †¦ , thousand elements ; k = 1, †¦ , thousand beginnings ; Zji is the standardised concentration ; and wjk and pki the factor burdens and factor tonss, severally. To better the reading of pollution forms, Kaiser ‘s VARIMAX extraneous rotary motion of PCs was performed to maximise the simpleness of the entire burdens ( Brumelis et al. , 2000 ; Pere & A ; ague ; -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) , and based on the revolved PCA, we identified the latent pollution beginnings and beginning profiles. The MLR-APCS assumed a additive relationship between the entire mass concentration and the parts of each component ( Thurston and Spengler 1985 ) . Beginning parts to the entire concentration were estimated with MLR utilizing the de-normalized ( APCS ) qi values as follows: Mi = & A ; delta ; 0 + & A ; amount ; & A ; zeta ; K ( APCS ) ki = & A ; delta ; 0 + & A ; amount ; & A ; zeta ; K ( pki + & A ; sum ; Bkj& A ; # 8121 ; j / & A ; delta ; J ) WhereXj and& A ; delta ; j are the average concentration and the standard divergence for element J, severally,Mi the ascertained mass concentration in sample I,& A ; zeta ; k the additive arrested development coefficients and& A ; delta ; 0 the part of unidentified beginnings. PCA ( Vandeginste et al. , 1998 ; Malinowski, 1991 ; Martens and Naes, 1989 ) is an of import tool used to analyze informations matrices, which extracts extra information that would otherwise be unaccessible. It seeks the similarities between the columns and rows of any informations matrix of dependent variables. PCA helps in finding: ( I ) how samples differ from one another, ( two ) which variables contribute most to this difference and ( three ) if those variables contribute in the same manner or are independent of each other. Harmonizing to Infometrix Inc. ( 1995 ) , chemometrics is a multivariate mathematical and statistical attack to the analysis and reading of analytical informations. Pattern acknowledgment methods have been used in chemometrics to uncover and measure complex relationships in a broad assortment of environmental applications. These methods have contributed to the systematic apprehension of sediment hint metal and organic concentrations originating from natural and anthropogenetic beginnings. Chemometrics is besides utile in measuring biological response to natural or toxic factors, and can place the beginning of the taint. Common utilizations of this technique are to: 1 ) identify factors that are combinations of mensurable variables ; 2 ) illustrate groups or cluster associations among samples ; 3 ) buttocks spacial distribution of environmental factors or disturbances ; and 4 ) predict a belongings of involvement ( such as biological response to chemical disturbance ) . The appraisal of environmental quality is frequently based on tremendous sums of physicochemical informations, which if processed utilizing descriptive, univariate methods is of small value to decision-makers ( Ignatides et al. , 1985 ) . Simple appraisals can be made utilizing descriptive statistics ( mean, standard divergence, etc. ) and some graphical AIDSs. However, the job of foretelling the position of unknown samples with these simple attacks becomes more and more complicated as the figure of parametric quantities is increased. Consequently, multivariate techniques ( Adams, 1998 ; Vandeginste, 1998 ) are needed to accomplish satisfactory consequences. Such techniques have been proven as suited for environmental quality appraisal ( Karydis, 1994 ; Moriki and Karydis, 1994 ; Wunderlin et al. , 2001 ) . They offer greater possibilities to directors in footings of helping the decision-making procedure ( Karydis, 1992 ; Ignatides et al. , 1992 ) . European, national and regional di sposals are demoing a turning involvement in the development of indices for measuring environmental quality. These indices must be based on multivariate processs that have a prognostic capableness ( Consejer & A ; iacute ; a de Medio Ambiente, 1995 ) . Chemometric methods ( besides known as multivariate statistical techniques ) are progressively in usage, which provide several avenues for explorative appraisal of H2O quality informations sets and categorization of H2O qualities. Chemometric methods identify the natural bunch form and group variables on the footing of similarities between the samples. The most common methods of chemometric methods for categorization are viz. , cluster analysis ( CA ) and chief constituent analysis ( PCA ) with factor analysis ( FA ) . The discriminant analysis ( DA ) is used to corroborate the groups found by agencies of the CA and PCA. These multidimensional informations analysis methods are progressively in usage for environmental surveies covering with measurings and monitoring ( Kannel et. Al, 2006 ) . In this paper, merely PCA will be performed, and farther integrated with ANN to maximise the effectivity of this prognostic theoretical account. Cluster analysis and PCA have been widely used as they are indifferent methods which can bespeak associations between samples and/or variables ( Wenning and Erickson, 1994 ) . These associations, based on similar magnitudes or fluctuations in chemical and physical components, may bespeak the presence of seasonal or semisynthetic influences. Hierarchical agglomerate bunch analysis indicates groupings of samples by associating inter-sample similarities and illustrates the overall similarity of variables in the information set ( Massart and Kaufman, 1983 ) . PCA is used to cut down the dimensionality of the informations set by explicating the correlativity among a big set of variables in footings of a little figure of implicit in factors or chief constituents without losing much information ( Jackson, 1991 ; Meglen, 1992 ) , and allows appraisal of associations between variables, since they indicate engagement of single chemicals in several influence factors. Exploratory information ana lysis has been used to measure the H2O quality of rivers, and seasonal, spacial and anthropogenetic influences have been evidenced ( Brown et al. , 1980 ; Bartels et al. , 1985 ; Grimalt et al. , 1990 ; Librando, 1991 ; Andrade et al. , 1992 ; Aruga et al. , 1993 ; Elosegui and Pozo, 1994 ; Pardo et al. , 1994 ; Battegazzore and Renoldi, 1995 ; Voutsa et al. , 1995 ) . In a relevant research, similar attack of statistical methods were being used in analysing a set of informations from Guadalquivir River quality parametric quantity and associated with anthropogenetic beginnings. In the present work, complete survey of the H2O quality of Guadalquivir River, from Seville to the oral cavity were completed. Besides, chemometrics analytical method was used to set up the effects caused by the different human activities performed in the borders of the river. A sum of 26 trying Stationss located along the river measured several physico-chemical variables in the country, and in three different runs from 2001 to 2002. With the consequences a informations matrix were informations matrix built, which was analysed by ( FA/PCA ) and cluster analysis ( CA ) . This analysis allowed the designation of four different zones in the river, with different H2O quality. The first zone ( zone 1A ) comprised from Alcal & A ; aacute ; del R & A ; ague ; & amp ; # 305 ; O to S eville. The 2nd zone ( zone 1B ) was the metropolis of Seville, and as a effect, presented higher concentrations of several variables such as nitrite, ammonium or Mn. The 3rd zone ( zone 2 ) included from Seville to the Guadiamar River. In this country, agribusiness is the chief activity, and so, higher concentrations of suspended solids and phosphate were measured. In footings of H2O quality, this zone was partly similar to district 1A, and partly similar to the 4th zone, get downing in the Guadiamar River and coating in the oral cavity of the Guadalquivir River. The H2O in this last zone ( zone 3 ) is chiefly estuarial H2O. Therefore, its quality is influenced by saltwater input, and besides by the inputs from the Guadiamar River ( coming from a excavation country ) , and presented higher Cu concentration. Three chief constituents ( Personal computers ) were extracted, explicating the 79.1 % of the informations discrepancy. PC1 ( 46.9 % discrepancy ) was chiefly associated with ni trite, ammonium and manganese. PC2 ( 22.5 % discrepancy ) was chiefly associated with suspended solids and phosphates. PC3 ( 9.7 % discrepancy ) was chiefly correlated to nitrate and copper concentration ( Mendiguchia et. Al ; 2004 ) . Similar attack of making a theoretical account based on prognostic methods for analysing informations collected from environmental surveies were conducted at Bagmati River Basin, Nepal. Harmonizing to Kannel et Al, ( 2006 ) , the survey presents the application of selected chemometric techniques: CA, PCA, FA and discriminant analysis, to sort a river H2O quality and rating of the pollution informations. Seventeen Stationss, monitored for 16 physical and chemical parametric quantities in 4 seasons during the period 1999-2003, located at the Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal were selected for the intent of this survey. The consequences allowed, finding natural bunchs of monitoring Stationss with similar pollution features and placing chief discriminant variables that are of import for regional H2O quality fluctuation and possible pollution beginnings impacting the river H2O quality. The analysis enabled to group 17 monitoring sites into 3 parts with 5 major know aparting v ariables: EC, DO, CL, NO2N and BOD. Results revealed that some locations were under the high influence of municipal taint and some others under the influence of minerals. This survey demonstrated that chemometric method is effectual for river H2O categorization, and for rapid appraisal of H2O qualities, utilizing the representative sites ; it could function to optimise cost and clip without losing any significance of the result. Another article entitled Apportionment of Sources Affecting Water Supply at Kandla Creek located at Gulf of Katchchh, India, experimented on use of PCA and successfully apportion five major beginnings of pollutant. As stated by Dalal et Al. ( 2009 ) , this survey examines a big dataset collected over assorted seasons of the twelvemonth in Kandla Creek, Gulf of Katchchh, India, to place and measure the parts of the beginnings impacting the H2O quality. Principal PCA was applied to simplify and understand the complex relationships among H2O quality parametric quantities. Five Personal computers were found responsible for the information construction and 76 % of the entire discrepancy of the information set. APCS receptor theoretical account provided allotment of assorted beginnings lending to the H2O quality. Our survey reveal that the port activities contributed 80 % of the ascertained turbidness, 70 % of suspended solids and 68 % of crude oil hydrocarbons ; agricultural overflow cont ributed about 69 % of the ascertained phosphate, 57 % of the nitrate, and 63 % of the nitrite ; and industrial discharges contributed about 92 % of the ascertained ammonium hydroxide. Harmonizing to Camdevyren et al. , 2004, Chlorophyll-a is a well-accepted index for phytoplankton copiousness and population of primary manufacturers in an aquatic environment. The relationships between Chlorophyll-a and 16 chemical, physical and biological H2O quality variables in C & A ; cedil ; aml & amp ; # 305 ; dere reservoir ( Ankara, Turkey ) were studied by utilizing chief constituent tonss ( PCS ) in multiple additive arrested development analysis ( MLR ) to foretell Chlorophyll-a degrees. Principal component analysis was used to simplify the complexness of dealingss between H2O quality variables. Mark values obtained by Personal computer tonss were used as independent variables in the multiple additive arrested development theoretical accounts. Two attacks were used in the present statistical analysis. In the first attack, merely five selected mark values obtained by Personal computer analysis were used for the anticipation of Chlorophyll-a degrees and prognostic success ( R2 ) of the theoretical account found as 56.3 % . In the 2nd attack, where all mark values obtained from the Personal computer analysis were used as independent variables, prognostic power was turned out to be 90.8 % . Both attacks could be used to foretell Chlorophyll-a degrees in reservoirs successfully. Recently, applications of ANNs in the countries of H2O technology, ecological scientific disciplines, and environmental scientific disciplines have been reported since the beginning of the 1990s. In recent old ages, ANNs have been used intensively for anticipation and prediction in a figure of water-related countries, including H2O resource survey ( Liong et al. , 1999 ; 2001 ; Muttil and Chau, 2006 ; El-Shafie et al. , 2008 ) , oceanology ( Makarynskyy, 2004 ) , and environmental scientific discipline ( Grubert, 2003 ) . The ANN, as the name implies, employs the theoretical account construction of a nervous web which is really powerful computational technique for patterning complex non-linear relationships peculiarly in state of affairss where the expressed signifier of the relation between the variables involved is unknown ( Gallant, 1993 ; Smith, 1994 ) . The basic construction of an ANN theoretical account is normally comprised of three typical beds, the input bed, where the info rmations are introduced to the theoretical account and calculation of the leaden amount of the input is performed, the concealed bed or beds, where informations are processed, and the end product bed, where the consequences of ANN are produced. Each bed consists of one or more basic component ( s ) called a nerve cell or a node. A nerve cell is a non-linear algebraic map, parameterized with boundary values ( Dreyfus et al. , 2002 ) . The signal passing through the nerve cell is modified by weights and transportation maps. This procedure is repeated until the end product bed is reached ( Govindaraju, 2000 ) . The figure of nerve cells in the input, hidden and end product beds depends on the job. If the figure of concealed nerve cells is little, the web may non hold sufficient grades of freedom to larn the procedure right. On the other manus, if the figure is excessively high, the preparation will take a longer clip and the web may over-fit the information ( Karunanithi et al. , 1994 ) . The usage of data-driven techniques for patterning the quality of both fresh water ( Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) and saltwater ( Lee et al. , 2000, 2003 ) has met with success in the past decennary. Reckhow ( 1999 ) studied Bayesian chance web theoretical accounts for steering determination doing sing H2O quality in the Neuse River in North Carolina. Chau ( 2006 ) has reviewed the development and current advancement of the integrating of unreal intelligence ( AI ) into H2O quality mold. Arbors ( 2000 ) developed theoretical account to foretell suspended solids conceder local precipitation, watercourse flow rates and turbidness as input. Hatim ( 2007 ) employed an ANN attack utilizing six variables for the initial anticipation of suspended solids in the watercourse at Mamasin dike. Most of them employed about all possible environmental parametric quantities as input variables without sing the optimum pick amongst them. The present survey attempted to pattern Kedah River Basin H2O quality parametric quantities utilizing APCS-ANN mold for the first clip. Limited H2O quality informations and the high cost of H2O quality monitoring frequently pose serious jobs for process-based mold attacks. ANNs provide a peculiarly good option, because they are computationally really fast and necessitate many fewer input parametric quantities and input conditions than deterministic theoretical accounts. ANNs do, nevertheless, require a big pool of representative informations for preparation. Prediction of fresh water beings based on machine larning techniques is going more and more dependable due to the handiness of appropriate datasets and patterning techniques. Artificial nervous webs ( Lek and Guegan, 1999 ) , fuzzed logic ( Barros et al. , 2000 ) , evolutionary algorithms ( Caldarelli et al. , 1998 ) , cellular zombi ( Gronewold and Sonnenschein 1998 ) , etc. proved to be powerful tools to execute ecological modeling, particularly when big datasets are involved. Models have several interesting applications in river direction. They allow for a bet ter reading of the consequences, easing the cause-allocation of the existent river position and increasing the penetration needed to better appraisal systems. Models besides allow for imitating the consequence of possible direction options and therefore back uping decision-making. The development of effectual and efficient monitoring webs based on theoretical accounts is likely another of import advantage. The & A ; lsquo ; River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System ‘ ( RIVPACS ) attack, based on statistical modeling, is presently one of the best available techniques for measuring the biological quality of running Waterss because it offers the ability to utilize environmental variables to foretell species that are expected to happen at a site if it is unstressed. The expected zoology is so compared with the ascertained community of macroinvertebrates in order to measure the river quality ( Wright et al. 2000 ) . However, biological communities are dynamic and the nature of RIVPACS would necessitate to be altered in order to foretell a alteration in faunal composing in response to new environmental conditions at a given site ( De Pauw 2000 ) . ANNs are, nevertheless, still non widely used tools in the Fieldss of H2O quality anticipation and prediction. ANNs are able to come close accurately complicated non-linear input- end product relationships. Like their physics-based numerical theoretical account opposite numbers, ANNs require preparation or standardization. After preparation, each application of the trained ANN is an appraisal of a simple algebraic look with known coefficients and is executed practically outright. The ANN technique is flexible plenty to suit extra restraints that may originate in the application. Furthermore, the ANN theoretical account can uncover concealed relationships in the historical informations, therefore easing the anticipation and prediction of H2O quality. By and large, calculating theoretical accounts can be divided into statistical and physically based attacks. Statistical attacks determine relationships between historical informations sets, whereas physically based attacks model the implicit in procedures straight. Multilayer Perceptron ( MLP ) web ( Rumelhart et al. , 1986 ) are closely related to statistical theoretical accounts and are the type of ANN most suited to calculating applications.When utilizing ANNs for prediction, the mold doctrine employed is similar to the used in traditional statistical attacks. In both instances the unknown theoretical account parametric quantities ( i.e. , the connexion weights in the instance of ANNs ) are adjusted in order to obtain the best lucifer between a historical set of theoretical account inputs and the corresponding end products. These nervous webs are normally used in ecological surveies because they are suggested to be cosmopolitan approximators of any uninterrupted map ( Hornik and White, 1989 ) . It consists of at least three or more beds, which comprise an input bed, an end product bed and a figure of concealed beds. Each nerve cell in one bed is connected to the nerve cells in the following bed, whereas there are no connexions between the units of the same bed ( Kasabov, 1996 ) . Najah et. Al, ( 2009 ) , in an article entitled Prediction of Johor River Water Quality Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks verified that H2O is a critical for all facets of human and ecosystem endurance and wellness. Therefore, its quality is besides of import. Water quality refers to the composing of a H2O sample. The reading of informations may be hard and drawn-out. Evaluations of H2O quality parametric quantities are necessary to heighten the public presentation of an assessment operation and develop better H2O resources direction and program. Water quality patterning involves the anticipation of H2O pollution utilizing mathematical simulation techniques. In fact, classical process-based mold attack could supply comparatively good anticipation for H2O quality parametric quantities ; nevertheless, those theoretical accounts rely on big sum of informations and needed batch of input informations that frequently unknown. New attack such as Artificial Intelligence techniques has proven their ability and pertinence for imitating and patterning assorted physical phenomena in the H2O technology field. In extra, ANN captures the embedded spatial and unsteady behaviour in the investigated job utilizing its architecture and nonlinearity nature compared with the other classical mold techniques. Johor River Basin located in Johor province, Malaysia which is significantly degrading due to human activities every bit good as urbanisation in and within the country. The survey attempted to foretell H2O quality parametric quantities at Johor River Basin using ANN mold. This survey proposed a anticipation theoretical account for entire dissolved solids, electrical conduction, and turbidness. The consequences show that the proposed ANN anticipation theoretical account has a great potency to imitate and foretell the sum dissolved solids, electrical conduction, and turbidness with absolute average mistake 10 % for different H2O organic structures. ANNs are being used widely to foretell and calculate H2O resources parametric quantities harmonizing to the specified end product mark. There are a few stairss that should be followed in the designing of such theoretical accounts and these include the pick of public presentation standards, the separation and pre-treatment of the available informations set, the finding of suited inputs and web construction, optimisation of the connexion weights ( developing ) and proof of the theoretical account. Guidance for each option of the stairss available for theoretical account interior decorators are discussed and issues with high item of concern are highlighted. A reappraisal covering with the usage of nervous web theoretical accounts for the anticipation and prediction of H2O resources variables is undertaken in footings of the modeling procedure adopted. The huge bulk of these webs are trained utilizing the backpropagation algorithm. Issues in relation to the optimum division of the availa ble informations, informations pre-processing and the pick of appropriate theoretical account inputs are rarely considered. In add-on, the procedure of taking appropriate fillet standards and optimising web geometry and internal web parametric quantities is by and large described ill or carried out inadequately. All of the above factors can ensue in non-optimal theoretical account public presentation and an inability to pull meaningful comparings between different theoretical accounts. Future research attempts should be directed towards the development of guidelines which assist with the development of ANN theoretical accounts and the pick of when ANNs should be used in penchant to alternate attacks, the appraisal of methods for pull outing the cognition that is contained in the connexion weights of trained ANNs and the incorporation of uncertainness into ANN theoretical accounts ( Maier and Dandy, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Imrie et al. , ( 2000 ) , ANNs provide a quick and flexible agencies of making theoretical accounts for river flow anticipation, and have been shown to execute good in comparing with conventional methods. However, if the theoretical accounts are trained utilizing a dataset that contains a limited scope of values, they may execute ill when meeting events incorporating antecedently unobserved values. This failure to generalize bounds their usage as a tool in applications where the information available for standardization is improbable to cover all possible scenarios. The paper presents a method for improved generalization during preparation by adding a counsel system to the cascade correlativity larning architecture. Two instance surveies from catchments in the UK are prepared so that the proof informations contains values that are greater or less than any included in the standardization informations. The ability of the developed algorithm to generalize on new informati ons is compared with that of the standard mistake backpropagation algorithm. The ability of ANNs trained with different end product activation maps to generalize beyond the standardization informations is assessed. ANN had been widely used as prediction and predicting theoretical accounts throughout the universe. In conformity with Zhang and Stanley ( 1997 ) , in H2O intervention processes, raw-water coloring material is a cardinal parametric quantity for procedure control and monitoring. Therefore, the ability to foretell the raw-water coloring material is desired to help in the optimisation of the intervention procedure. However, due to the high discrepancy and the built-in non-linear relationship of the raw-water coloring material clip series, it is hard to bring forth a dependable theoretical account with conventional mold attacks. In this paper, the ANN mold technique is used to set up a theoretical account for calculating the raw-water coloring in a big river. A general ANN mold strategy is besides recommended for the remainder of the raw-water parametric quantities. The mold procedure typically includes four phases: beginning informations analysis, system priming, and system fine-tuning and exemplary rating. Some optimisation issues involved in the mold stages and the possible applications of ANN in the H2O intervention industry are besides discussed. Result indicate that the ANN mold strategy shows much promise for H2O quality mold and procedure control in H2O intervention. In a similar scientific research, same attack has been performed to construct a theoretical account of river H2O quality. Karoon River in Iran is selected to measure the capableness of ANNs for H2O quality simulation. This river is the longest river in Iran. It is located in Khuzestan state, South West of the state. Several H2O quality variables including CO3, HCO3, SO4, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, K, EC, TDS and SAR have been simulated. Datas from 1985 to 2006 at supervising Stationss including ; Arabhasan, Valiabad, Molasani, Ahwaz, Farsiat and Darkhoyen have been used for preparation of the selected ANN. Qnet 2000 ANN is selected for patterning intents in the present research. Results show that Qnet 2000 is able to foretell H2O quality variables of the Karoon River really successfully with more than 90 % truth. Research and prognostic webs on imbibing H2O quality and intervention has besides been established. Baxter et. Al, 2001, stated that in the article ; to better imbibing H2O quality whi le cut downing operating costs, many imbibing H2O public-service corporations are puting in advanced procedure control and mechanization engineerings. The usage of AI engineerings, specifically ANNs, is increasing in the imbibing H2O intervention industry as they allow for the development of robust nonlinear theoretical accounts of complex unit processes. This paper highlights the public-service corporation of ANNs in H2O quality modeling every bit good as imbibing H2O intervention procedure modeling and control through the presentation of several instance surveies at two large-scale H2O intervention workss in Edmonton, Alberta as stated by Musavi-Johrami and Golabi ( 2008 ) . In a closely related article, Juahir et Al. ( 2004, 2009 ) , same method that implemented ANN to construct a theoretical account of prognostic web of H2O quality parametric quantity for Langat River Basin. This survey discusses the development and proof of an Artificial Neural Network ( ANN ) theoretical account in gauging H2O quality index ( WQI ) in the Langat River Basin, Malaysia. The ANN theoretical account has been developed and tested utilizing informations from 30 monitoring Stationss. The mold information was divided into two sets. For the first set, ANNs were trained, tested and validated utilizing six independent H2O quality variables as input parametric quantities. Consequently, MLR was applied to extinguish independent variables that exhibit the lowest part in discrepancy. Independent variables that accounted for about 71 % of the discrepancy in WQI are Dissolved Oxygen ( DO ) , Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) , Suspended Solids ( SS ) and Ammoniacal-Nitrate ( AN ) . T he Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) and pH contributed merely 8 % and 2 % to the discrepancy, severally. Therefore, in the 2nd information set, merely four independent variables were used to develop, trial and formalize the ANNs. We found that the correlativity coefficient given by six independent variables ( 0.92 ) is merely somewhat better in gauging WQI compared to four independent variables ( 0.91 ) which demonstrates that ANN is capable of gauging WQI with acceptable truth when it is trained by extinguishing COD and pH as independent variables ( Juahir et al. , 2004 ) . Application of ANN has been extended to wastewater quality monitoring intents. Harmonizing to Hore et Al. ( 2008 ) , H2O organic structures have become more and more contaminated owing to dispatch of industrial waste. Therefore, it has been the main concern of scientists, applied scientists and ecologists to diminish the H2O pollution degree around the Earth to keep living viability and ecological balance. In this paper, the seasonal and positional fluctuation of effluent parametric quantities in a natural flowing watercourse has been observed and an ANN theoretical account is proposed to foretell the H2O quality. Tolly ‘s Canal was chosen as the horizon of this instance survey. Wastewater and sediment samples were collected from Tolly ‘s Canal and the River Ganges at different points and different seasons both at high and low tide conditions on a peculiar twenty-four hours. All the of import H2O quality parametric quantities were evaluated. To summarize and describe rive r-water quality, a new term, WQI, has been introduced. The WQI value is a dimensionless figure runing from 0 to 100 ( best quality ) . In this survey, the WQI is predicted by a simulative theoretical account utilizing an ANN. This theoretical account has been developed for the appraisal of the WQI and compared with the conventionally determined values of WQI. An MLP web with a individual hidden bed was used along with back-propagation algorithm. The consequences were found to be rather impressive. Therefore, the ANN proved to be an efficient tool to measure the WQI of any sample. ANN has been established in other types of field, such as chemical science where a group of research worker attempted to foretell peptide liquid chromatography elution times in proteome analyses. Harmonizing to Petritis et al. , ( 2003 ) , the usage of unreal nervous webs ( ANNs ) is described for foretelling the reversed-phase liquid chromatography keeping times of peptides enzymatically digested from proteome-wide proteins. To enable the accurate comparing of the legion liquid chromatography/mass spectometry informations sets, a familial algorithm was developed to normalise the peptide keeping informations into a scope ( from 0 to 1 ) , bettering the peptide elution clip duplicability to 1 % . The web developed in this survey was based on amino acid residue composing and consists of 20 input nodes, 2 hidden nodes, and 1 end product node. A information set of more than 7000 confidently identified peptides from the micro-organism Deinococcus radiodurans was used for the preparation o f the ANN. The ANN was so used to foretell the elution times for another set of 5200 peptides tentatively identified by mass spectra/mass spectometry from a different micro-organism ( Shewanella oneidensis ) . The theoretical account was found to foretell the elution times of peptides with up to 54 amino acid residues ( the longest peptide identified after tryptic digestion of S. oneidensis ) with an mean truth of 3 % . This prognostic capableness was so used to separate with high assurance isobar peptides otherwise identical by accurate mass measurings every bit good as to bring out peptide misidentifications. Therefore, integrating of ANN peptide elution clip anticipation in the proteomic research will increase both the figure of protein designations and their assurance. Integration of two statistical analysis were implented in a relevant survey of Quantitative designation and beginning allotment of anthropogenetic heavy metals in marine deposit of Hong Kong. Based on 10s heavy metals collected twice yearly at 59 sites from 1998 to 2004, enrichment factors ( EFs ) , PCA and APCS-MLR were used in designation and beginning allotment of the anthropogenetic heavy metals in marine deposit. EFs with Fe as a normaliser and local background as mention values was decently tested and suited in Hong Kong, and Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cd, Hg and Cr chiefly originated from anthropogenetic beginnings, while Al, Mn and Fe were derived from stones enduring. Rotated PCA and GIS mapping farther identified two types of anthropogenetic beginnings and their wedged parts: ( 1 ) electronic industrial pollution, riparian overflow and vehicle exhaust impacted the full Victoria Harbour, interior Tolo Harbour, Eastern Buffer, interior Deep Bay and Cheung Chau ; and ( 2 ) discharges fro m fabric mills and pigment, influenced Tsuen Wan Bay and Kwun Tong typhoon shelter and Rambler Channel. In add-on, APCS-MLR was successfully introduced to quantitatively find the beginning parts with uncertainnesss about less than 8 % : the first anthropogenetic beginnings were responsible for 50.0, 45.1, 86.6, 78.9 and 87.5 % of the Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg, severally, whereas 49.9 % of the Ni and 58.4 % of the Cr came from the 2nd anthropogenetic beginnings ( Zhou et al. , 2007 ) . The APCS-MLR assumed a additive relationship between the entire mass concentration and the parts of each component. The APCS-MLR assumed a additive relationship between the entire mass concentration and the parts of each component ( Thurston and Spengler, 1985 ) . Ln- and Box-Cox transmutations of these variables improved normalcy except for Fe and Al, and Fe, severally. Compared with the ln transmutation, the Box-Cox transmutation significantly reduced the lopsidedness of the informations, which was good to the multivariate analysis. Meanwhile, the negative effects of outliers in the to a great extent skewed natural informations were reduced by the Box-Cox transmutation ( Zhang, 2006 ) . Finally ( 4 ) the Box-Cox transformed datasets were standardized for PCA to minimise the effects of differences in measurement units and discrepancy and to render the information dimensionless ( Johnson and Wichern, 2002 ) . The chief intent of present survey was to utilize a multivariate statistical attack to sort lending beginning harmonizing to their interrelatedness and to foretell H2O quality of Kedah River. For this intent, principle constituent tonss of 30 physical, chemical, and biological H2O quality parametric quantities from this river were used as independent variables in PCA and ANN. It is proved that uniting two statistical methods provide a better reading of consequences and a much accurate prognostic theoretical account.Chapter 3Materials and Methods3.1. Study AreaSungai Kedah is more than 100 kilometers long, arising from the cragged countries surrounding Perlis and Thailand in the North and nor'-east. From here the river flows through hilly terrain and eventually through a broad coastal field. As a major river system in the province, Sungai Kedah flows through the territories of Kubang Pasu, Kota Setar, Padang Terap and Pendang. At present there are 54 H2O quality Stationss, 26 H2O discharge ( flow ) Stationss and one groundwater Stationss in the river basin. The bureau with the most extended H2O monitoring in this basin is MADA which operates more than 50 % of the entire Stationss. In this survey, I focused on Sungai Kedah, fluxing from the very bosom of the capital metropolis of Kedah. Sungai Kedah is more than 100 kilometers long, arising from the cragged countries surrounding Perlis and Thailand in the North and nor'-east. From here the river flows through hilly terrain and eventually through a broad coastal field. As a major river system in the province, Sungai Kedah flows through the territories of Kubang Pasu, Kota Setar, Padang Terap and Pendang. The natural basin is about 60 kilometers broad and 80 kilometers long and covers an country of 2,920 km2. The basin ranges from 400 metres high to the coastal fields. The coastal field is the Centre of rice cultivation. The province capital was founded over 250 old ages ago at the meeting of Sungai Anak Bukit and Sungai Kedah, which was the Centre for the rice trade. The coastal field is dominated by the Muda Irrigation Scheme covering an country of 966 km2. Runing across four territories and run outing a 3rd of the State of Kedah, Sungai Kedah plays a important function in the lives of the people. The dominant signifier of land usage in the basin is agribusiness ( 62 % ) . This is followed by woods cover ( 28 % ) , urban countries ( 6.6 % ) and H2O organic structures ( 3 % ) . Muda Irrigation Scheme, besides known as the Rice Bowl of Malaysia, is managed by MADA. 30 % of it lies within the Sungai Kedah Basin. Within Sungai Kedah Basin, there are besides irrigation strategies outside of the MADA country managed by DID. A entire figure of 17 such strategies are found in the 4 territories within the basin. These countries added up to about 3,500 strategies come from assorted beginnings, including Sungai Kedah feeders and MADA canals ( DID, 2007 ) . The Pedu, Ahning and Muda dikes in the upper catchment of Sungai Padang Terap Basin supply the State of Kedah and some parts of the State of Perlis with H2O for irrigation, every bit good as domestic and industrial utilizations throughout the twelvemonth. 26 % of Sungai Kedah Basin ( about 62,000 hectares ) comprises of lasting forest modesty in Bukit Perangin, Chebor Besar, Koh Moi, Padang Terap, Pedu and Sungai Badak. These lasting wood militias function as H2O catchment countries. During the rainy season, the catchment countries replenish the rivers and absorb big sum of rain H2O, thereby minimising hazard of deluging. During the dry season, the catchment countries replenish the rivers and provide uninterrupted supply of H2O. These woods are home ground of a diversified aggregation of works and carnal species. This includes the river terrapins which are threatened due to habitat devastation and inordinate egg poaching. The river terrapins are protected under the Kedah Terrapin Enactment 1972. The river is besides the home ground for fish species such as toman, rohu, belida, jelawat, patin and lampam.3.2 DatasDesignations of beginning allotment in river H2O quality utilizing both APCS and ANN in this survey should lend a better consequences and accounts to which parametric quantities takes the most important impairment. These H2O quality parametric quantities were measured within continuance of 1997-2006 at 6 Stationss. 3 other Stationss, viz. 2KD07, 2KD08 and 2KD09 were built and became operational beginning in twelvemonth 2005, which explains a deficiency of informations compared to other Stationss along Kedah River. The parametric quantities measured in all the 9 Stationss are Dissolved Oxygen ( DO ) , Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) , Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) , pH, Ammoniacal Nitrogen ( NH3-NL ) , temperature, conduction, salt, turbidness, SS, DS, TS, nitrate, Cl, PO4, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, Na, Mg, , OG, MBAS, E. coli and Coliform. These informations were non absolutely complete, with a figure of losing informations in each parametric quantity. To get the better of this state of affairs, estimate utilizing norm of close neighbouring informations were performed in order for the analysing procedure to be smoother, particularly when utilizing XLSTAT to execute PCA. Another defect that can be found in the whole information set is some are shuting or under the restriction of measuring. This sort of defect can be identified with mathematical figure ( & A ; lt ; ) in forepart of the parametric quantities value. What can be done here is to merely added in by two to do it legalize for X LSTAT analysing procedure. In order to better the information I have obtained and guarantee the effectivity of multivariate analysis, the following were performed to my informations: ( 1 ) losing informations were estimated utilizing mean values and ( 2 ) values below the bound were replaced by bounds of sensing.3.2.1 Data PartitionThe information in nervous webs are categorized into two sets: preparation or larning sets. The acquisition set is used to find the adjusted weights and prejudices of a web. The trial set is used for standardization, which prevents overtraining webs. The general attack for choosing a good preparation set from available informations series involves including all of the utmost events ( i.e. all possible minimal and maximal values in the preparation set ) . a manner that both preparation and trial informations sets are statistically comparable. The trial set should be about 10-40 % of the size of the preparation set of informations. The H2O quality informations were divided into two se ts. The first set contained 70 % of the records and was used as a preparation set ; the 2nd trial contained 30 % of the records and was used as trial set.3.3 Statistical methodsPrinciple constituent analysis and unreal nervous web were performed on these 30 parametric quantities to rank their comparative significance and to depict their interrelatedness forms every bit good as to make a theoretical account base on existent river category and predicted river category. XLSTAT package is used to analyse the information with Principal Component Analysis and the Artificial Neural Networks were constructed utilizing Forecaster XL. The first measure taken is to execute PCA on all 30 H2O quality parametric quantities in order to rexclude undistinguished informations. After that, eigenanalysis were performed to pull out informations with characteristic root of a square matrix higher than 1 and a new group of variables was created as a resemblance of the whole information set. Varimax rotary motion was besides performed to obtain varimax factors of the rule constituents. In this sudy, merely varimax factors with values more than 0.70 ( ( positive or negative ) will be discussed. Based on the tonss from PCA consequences, a web of prognostic theoretical account was established. The chief ground of these method was to diagrammatically show the per centum of each rule constituents or variables part and/or importance towards the overall quality of the river. Mark value ( skj ) for jth observation in kth Personal computer was obtained from the weight of variables in Personal computers and standardized variables by utilizing the undermentioned equation ; Skj = t1k z1j + t2k z2j + †¦ + tpk zpj Where J = 1, 2, . . . , n is the figure of observation ; k = 1, 2, . . . , Q, the figure of selected Personal computer figure ; p the figure of independent variables ; Skj the standardized mark value of jth observation in kth Personal computers ; zpj the standardised value of pth variable of jth observation, calculated from omega = yp – & amp ; # 1263 ; /sx, where yp is the original value of pth variable ; and tpk the standardised weight of the pth variable in kth Personal computers. One attack was employed in utilizing Personal computer tonss that is, utilizes merely 9 Personal computers with Eigen values greater 1 out of 29 rules constituents. Eigenvalues can be thought of as quantitative appraisal of how much a constituent represents the information. The higher the characteristic root of a square matrixs of a constituent, the more representative it is of the informations. To find the public presentation of each of the selected web theoretical account, three different standards were used: the root mean square mistake ( RMSE ) , the prejudice, and the coefficient of finding or symbolized by R & A ; sup2 ; ( Chenard and Caissie, 2008 ) . The RMSE represents the mistake associated with the theoretical account and can be computed as: RMSE = ( & A ; amount ; ( ypi – oi ) & A ; sup2 ; / N ) ^ & A ; frac12 ; where ypi and oi represent the theoretical account computed and measured values of the variable, and N represents the figure of observations. The RMSE, a step of the goodness-of-fit, best describes an mean step of the mistake in foretelling the dependant variable. However, it does non supply any information on stage differences. The prejudice represents the mean of all the single mistakes and indicates whether the theoretical account overestimates or underestimates the dependant variable. It is calculated as: Bias = 1/N & A ; amount ; ( ypi – oi ) The coefficient of finding ( R2 ) represents the per centum of variableness that can be explained by the theoretical account and is calculated as: R & A ; sup2 ; = ( ( N & A ; sum ; oi ypi – ( & A ; sum ; oi ) ( & A ; sum ; ypi ) ) / [ N & A ; sum ; o & A ; sup2 ; one – ( & A ; sum ; oi ) & A ; sup2 ; ] & A ; times ; [ N & A ; sum ; y & A ; sup2 ; pi- ( & A ; sum ; ypi ) & A ; sup2 ; ] ) & A ; sup2 ; Adequacy of the created modelswas evaluated through reciting the comparative extent of engagement of assorted input variables in the theoretical account public presentation. Fitness of the created ANN theoretical accounts was checked through analysis of the remainders. In a dependent-independent variable mold attack, it is desirable to measure the comparative importance and part of each of the independent variables in a theoretical account and in subsequent calculation anticipation of the dependant variable. Here, we used partitioning attack to show the importance of independent variables for the end product bed instead than a individual end product node, working as to partition thesumof effects onthe end product bed ( Garson, 1998 ) . Here, the general web consists of 11 environmental variables. The importance of each variable can be expressed as ( Lee et al. , 2003 ) : I = & amp ; amount ; ( New Hampshire ) ( j=1 ) ABS ( wji ) / & A ; amount ; ( Nevada ) ( k=1 ) [ & A ; amount ; ( New Hampshire ) ( j=1 ) ABS ( wji ) ] K where New Hampshire is the figure of concealed nodes, Nevada is the figure of input variables, wji is the connectionweight from the ith input node to jth concealed node, and ABS demotes the absolute value of the map.Chapter 4Consequences and Discussion4.1 Chief Component TonssIn this survey, a set of 410 samples reasoning 30 H2O quality parametric quantities runing from the twelvemonth 1997 until 2006 was obtained. The ground to cover such big figure of informations is to cover all possible conditions and to perfectize any defect that may happen during the building of this theoretical account. The parametric quantities involved and examined in chemometrics analysis, or Personal computers are ; DO, BOD, COD, SS, pH, NH3-NL, temperature, conduction, turbidness, salt, dissolved solids, entire solids, NO3, Cl, Ca, PO4, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Oil and Grease, MBAS, E-Coli and Coliform. The first measure in measuring this confounding information set i

Contemporary Realistic Fiction Essay

The genre that I will be presenting is Contemporary Realistic Fiction. The project idea that I chose for my genre was the topic of the sensitive issue of death and how it is treated and written in literature. To discuss the issue about death and dying the paper will include books that focus on the following subjects. The first being what the understanding or impression of the child be after reading or having the books read to them. The next being how the stories treat the issue of death and what lessons they could have learned in helping them cope. Another would be the question of if the books treat the subject the same way and if not, I will compare the viewpoints amongst the books. The books will be discussed both in individual and collective form so as to provide a true and fair view of the information which are presented in these books. Thus far, I have found a few titles that I believe will help me to present my topic. The first being Bridge To Terabithia by Katherine Paterson, which is the story of depressed and angry fifth grader Jess Aarons, who becomes friends with his new outgoing, tomboy neighbor Leslie Burke. The two lonely children create a magical forest kingdom together that they call Terabithia. The book comes to a tragic end when Leslie falls into a creek and drowns. The lesson that I got out of reading this book was that Jesse could only overcome his grief with the strength and courage that his friendship with Leslie had given him. The next book I chose was a picture book called Jim’s Dog Muffins by Miriam Cohen. Jim is a first grader who has been having a hard time since his dog Muffins died. At school, he becomes angry when his classmates don’t seem to understand how he feels. Until his new friend Paul comes along and helps him feel better. This could show the aspect of how having people around to help you get through a loved one’s, or in this case a loved dog’s, death is very crucial and can have very positive effects. The next book I have chosen to include thus far is called Moon Pie by Mason Simon. Moon Pie has a cute and fun cover that would lead you to believe it is a humorous and light book. However, this little book actually has a bit of a serious story line. That said, it is a tender little book about a family going through hard times. Martha’s mother has died prior to the story’s beginning. Her sweet father has always been eccentric, but his oddities are increasing. Martha wonders if he might be going a little bit crazy due to his grief over the loss of her mother, and it turns out she is partially correct. In fact, she learns that he is an alcoholic. She and her brother are taken away from their dad and given to their grandparents, where they are well cared for, but miss their dad terribly. This book’s ending is realistic, but a happy one overall which can show children that are currently in the grieving stage that things can get better.

The Decline Of The Roman Civilization - 1357 Words

Throughout history, civilizations have risen to and fallen from power. The accomplishments of these peoples are not only important because of their places in history, but also because of the impact that they had on the world. Some of these groups of people were only able to create small, but still important settlements. Others were able to establish large empires that controlled vast areas and directly changed the lives of many who were under their rule. The Roman civilization was one of these massive empires that lasted for over a thousand years, and it has had a powerful influence on the world ever since. The impact of the Romans is not just the hegemony that they had over the groups of people around them while they were in power; it is†¦show more content†¦One cataclysmic event supposedly brought about the end of the monarchy. The legend that was told in the story â€Å"The Rape of Lucretia† is that Tarquinius Conlatinus, an aristocrat, was friends with Sextus Tarq uinius, the prince. Sextus was accepted to stay in their house; he waited until everyone was asleep before he went into Lucretia’s bedroom. There, he held a sword to her and raped her, and then he fled. In horror, she sent messengers to go and fetch her father and husband and told them each to bring close friends. She committed suicide after they had arrived, and Brutus, one of the friends, exclaimed, â€Å"By this blood, which was so pure before the crime of the prince, I swear before you, O gods, to chase the King†¦and never to tolerate Kings in Rome evermore, whether of that family [or] of any other.† This was the means by which history explains how the fall of the Roman monarchy led to the dawn of the period of the Republic. The Republic was dramatically different from the monarchy. Now the population could elect officials to represent them and make laws. Rome also began to become more imperialistic as a result of fear of attack and a greedy desire to gain we alth. It was because of this that the Romans came into conflict with Carthage, a growing empire in North Africa. Three wars were fought between the two over territories, including Sicily, but Rome eventually realized that Carthage must be completely razed if the conflicts were to end, so Rome militarily

Privacy Is A Fundamental Value Of Human Right - 1098 Words

For the sake of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, American citizens crumple up their own desires and follow laws such as the speed limit and paying taxes. These laws are given by the government, created by citizens to protect all residences. After all, one would give up a few priorities for the name of common good too, right? But there is a borderline between what an individual should and shouldn’t give up. For example, privacy rights. In most cases, people would claim that they have nothing to hide, but the definition of privacy is not covering the atrocious. Privacy is a fundamental value of human right; it is our defense and space permitted to us of being ourselves. The right to privacy is to forestall the invasion of privacy by other people and the government to have absolute regulation over people’s lives. In times of national crisis, men and women position their lives in danger to defend this country. To prevent jeopardy such as terrorism, many would argue that giving up minor privacy rights is a diminutive valuation. But think twice. The element of privacy is practically chipping away and the privacy of violation is closing in. Without privacy, no individual would possess an authentic character. In Peter Singer’s essay, â€Å"Invisible Man: Ethics in a World Without Secrets,† he advocated that the feeling of being watch propels someone to become more amiable and honest. How an individual behaves themselves depends on the weight of social pressure. Since we allShow MoreRelatedPrivacy, Surveillance, And Law Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of privacy, it still remains unclear how individuals view and value it. For the purposes of this essay, privacy is broadly defined as the controlled access to personal information or ideas. In this paper, I will examine Richar d Posner’s article â€Å"Privacy, Surveillance, and Law† and Neil Richards’s paper â€Å"The Dangers of Surveillance.† Although both Posner and Richards begin with the same assumption that people fear public scrutiny, their different interpretations of this human nature leadRead MoreThe Privacy Of An Individual1700 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatest number of people which is the measure of right and wrong.† The privacy of an individual is at its most a fundamental right to which one is entitled. Furthermore, the infringement of an individual’s privacy is rarely justified to any extent, even under circumstances with the purpose of protecting a nation because it deprives individuals of their fundamental rights. However, the government believes that they have the authority to trump the privacy of citizens in order to uphold state securityRead MoreTechnology and the Concept of Privacy1704 Words   |  7 PagesEthical and right based philosophical t heories have long recognized the importance of privacy and its relationship to personal information. Much of my emphasis on privacy is focused on having control over information about oneself. The degree of control may differ among cultures and countries but the fundamental principle remains the same that all human has right to protect their personal information and lawfully go about their ordinary businesses without interference and surveillance. This paperRead MoreWhat Is the Right Response to Terrorism?1685 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism is an actual and relevant threat to national security that requires an incisive strategy to fight it. Along this paper, I demonstrate that torture is not the right solution to respond to terrorism, whereas surveillance might be a better and acceptable proposal. Several scholars and politicians have either widely sustained or contested both issues. In my opinion, torture does not ensure success in fighting terrorism while it inflicts unbearable sufferance. I provide six arguments to demonstrateRead MoreExpanding Social Media Into the Chinese Market Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesinternational human rights organization, the Chinese government has been violating the â€Å"fundamental human rights† of its citizens, and Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft have been â€Å"complicit.† AI defines these human rights as being inalienable for all human beings. By this definition, AI believes that Chinese citizens have rights that cannot be infringed upon by the Chinese government. In addition, AI argues that a company can be accused of being â€Å"complicit† if it: †¢ Actively assists in human rights violationsRead MoreThe Ethics Of The European Union Data Protection Legislation1694 Words   |  7 Pagesmembers on Halloween—for pure shock value. The Catsouras family took legal action against the CHP in an attempt to remove the gruesome pictures off the Internet. This incident is one of many that has caused individuals to demand a right that would allow Internet users to protect themselves from being violated. The right to be forgotten, an integral component of the proposed reforms to the European Union data protection legislation, asserts an individual’s civil right to have personal information removedRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society1325 Words   |  6 Pagesnformation is one of the most fundamental means by which people can acquire power and influence in Western society. It is also said that information is practically the most powerful and important weapon against corruption in the world. Those who have access to sensitive information, by whatever means either through corruption or unrestricted access, can use this information to demand bribes and even obtain more information by corruption or hide it from others. Owning that access and practicing theRead MoreNSA and Edward Snowden Essay examples1326 Words   |  6 Pages Privacy has endured throughout human history as the pillar upon which our authentic nature rests. Yet, in an age darkened by the looming shadow of terrorism, another force threatens to dominate the skyline and obscure the light of liberty behind promises of safety and security: government surveillance. As an employee of the NSA, Edward Snowden broke his vow of secrecy to inform the public of our government’s furtive surveillance acts, but does this render him traitorous? To answer this, we mustRead MoreMicrochips in humans1002 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Microchips in Humans In today’s society, technology continues to find new ways to protect our children and families. Several devises have already been developed to track children when they are away from home. These devises work by GPS signal to track the movement of the child and are worn externally or are imbedded in an item of clothing. There are also GPS devices already approved for implantation in humans. VeriChip was the only Food and Drug Administration-approved human-implantable microchipRead MoreQuestions On Assessment And Worksheet Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesanswers to each of the four questions in the space provided below. 4. Use APA referencing where appropriate and place the end note reference in the box provided in the â€Å"References† section at the end of the worksheet.. 5. Note the word count and value of each question and plan your answer accordingly. The word count should be treated with a variance of + or – 10%. 6. Your worksheet is subject to submission to Turnitin. 7. Submit this worksheet via Stream by the due date. Time management is important